Definisi Broadcasting
Broadcasting adalah sebuah metode pengiriman data, dimana data dikirimkan ke banyak titik sekaligus, tanpa melakukan pengecekan apakah titik tersebut siap atau tidak, atau tanpa memperhatikan apakah data itu sampai atau tidak atau dapat juga diartikan sebagai layanan server ke client yang menyebarkan data kepada beberapa client sekaligus dengan cara paralel dengan akses yang cukup cepat dari sumber video atau audio.
Definisi Entertainment
Entertainment adalah suatu kegitan yang dilakukan oleh suatu organisasi yang bertujuan untuk memberikan hiburan kepada para penikmat hiburan baik musik film atau jenis hiburan lainnya.
Definisi Research & Development
Research & development adalah sebuah strategi atau metode yang cukup ampuh untuk memperbaiki atau mengembagkan bahkan menyempurnakan suatu proses yang sudah dan sedang berjalan.
Definisi Health
Health atau kesehatan adalah kondisi umum dari seseorang dalam semua aspek. Ini juga merupakan tingkat fungsional dan atau efesiensi metabolisme organisme.
Senin, 18 Maret 2013
Senin, 28 Januari 2013
Shuffle Dance
The Melbourne Shuffle (also known as Rocking or simply The Shuffle) is a rave and club dance that originated in the late 1980s in the underground rave music scene in Melbourne, Australia. The basic movements in the dance are a fast heel-and-toe action with a style suitable for various types of electronic music. Some variants incorporate arm movements. People who dance the shuffle are often referred to as rockers, due in part to the popularity of shuffling to rock music in the early 1990s.
The origins of the name "Melbourne Shuffle" are unknown. The term was first brought to the public attention by Sonic Animation's Rupert Keiller during a TV interview in Sydney. The Age referred to it as looking like "a cross between the chicken dance and a foot stomping robot" to the untrained eye,but locals simply called it "stomping".
Some dancers sprinkle talcum powder or apply liquid to the floor beneath their feet to help them glide more easily, some including 360 degree spins or jumps into their moves. Others apply smooth plastic tape or duct tape to the soles of their shoes.
Originally consisting of the "T-Step" combined with arm movements, during the 1990s the "Running Man" has been adopted into the dance, accentuating the new focus of keeping time with the beat. The "Running man" involves a 2-step motion in which the front foot is brought backwards with two hops while the back foot is brought forwards in a walking motion, creating a "running on the spot" motion, hence the name. The "T-Step" is a fast sideways heel-toe motion on one foot twisting at the ankle. The dance is embellished by spins, arm pumps, slides, and kicks. Modern implementations of the dance include motions from other dances such as Crip Walk, Toprock and Jumpstyle, which have brought the less-adaptive t-step to the background. Some dancers even omit the t-step completely.
Although Hardstyle has been a dominant genre to dance on within the Melbourne Shuffle for many years, referring to the dance with "hardstyle" is incorrect. "Hardstyle" is an umbrella term for many different rave dances globally, as well as a genre of electronic music. Hardstyle is a rave dance, while most other styles were typically performed in clubs and dance parties.
With the spread of the Melbourne Shuffle through YouTube, dancing styles have evolved from each other to a point in which people refer to styles with an abbreviation coming from the area in which the style came from, such as "AUS"/"Melb" (Australia/Melbourne), "MAS"/"Malay" (Malaysia) or "Cali" (California). These distinctions cause a lot of confusion for newcomers and those who are unfamiliar with the dance.
CyberCrime
Computer crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and anetwork The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Netcrime refers to criminal exploitation of the Internet
Cybercrimes are defined as: "Offences that are committed against
individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to
intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or
mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern
telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice
boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)".Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial health.Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.
Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Activity crossing international borders and involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes referred to as cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions through the International Criminal Court
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into two categories: crimes that target computers directly; crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the cats network or device.
Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:
A variety of Internet scams target consumers direct.
Over 25 jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes.
The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs.
One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography.
There are instances where committing a crime, which involves the use of a computer, can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of United States v. Neil Scott Kramer, Kramer was served an enhanced sentence according to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual §2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a cell phone to “persuade, induce, entice, coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.”
Connecticut was the first state to pass a statute making it a criminal offense to harass someone by computer. Michigan, Arizona, and Virginia have also passed laws banning harassment by electronic means.
Harassment by computer statutes are typically distinct from cyberbullying laws, in that the former usually relates to a person's "use a computer or computer network to communicate obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious, or indecent language, or make any suggestion or proposal of an obscene nature, or threaten any illegal or immoral act," while the latter need not involve anything of a sexual nature.
The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away.
Cyber terrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives, robberies, blackmailing etc.
Cyberextortion is a form of cyberterrorism in which a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to repeated denial of service or other attacks by malicious hackers, who demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyberextortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate and demanding payments to restore their service. More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators typically use a distributed denial-of-service attack
Sailors analyze, detect and defensively respond to unauthorized activity within U.S. Navy information systems and computer networks
A hacking group called MOD (Masters of Deception), allegedly stole passwords and technical data from Pacific Bell, Nynex, and other telephone companies as well as several big credit agencies and two major universities. The damage caused was extensive, one company, Southwestern Bell suffered losses of $370,000 alone.
In 1983, a nineteen-year-old UCLA student used his PC to break into a Defense Department international communications system.
Between 1995 and 1998 the Newscorp satellite pay to view encrypted SKY-TV service was hacked several times during an on-going technological arms race between a pan-European hacking group and Newscorp. The original motivation of the hackers was to watch Star Trek re-runs in Germany; which was something which Newscorp did not have the copyright to allow.
On 26 March 1999, the Melissa worm infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.
In February 2000 a individual going by the alias of MafiaBoy began a series denial-of-service attacks against high profile websites, including Yahoo!, Amazon.com, Dell, Inc., E*TRADE, eBay, and CNN. About fifty computers at Stanford University, and also computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the zombie computers sending pings in DDoS attacks. On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus a total of ten counts of mischief to data for his attacks.
The Russian Business Network (RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and started hiring its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by VeriSign as "the baddest of the bad". It offers web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities, with an individual activities earning up to $150 million in one year. It specialized in and in some cases monopolized personal identity theft for resale. It is the originator of MPack and an alleged operator of the now defunct Storm botnet.
On 2 March 2010, Spanish investigators arrested 3[clarification needed] in infection of over 13 million computers around the world. The "botnet" of infected computers included PCs inside more than half of the Fortune 1000 companies and more than 40 major banks, according to investigators.
In August 2010 the international investigation Operation Delego, operating under the aegis of the Department of Homeland Security, shut down the international pedophile ring Dreamboard. The website had approximately 600 members, and may have distributed up to 123 terabytes of child pornography (roughly equivalent to 16,000 DVDs). To date this is the single largest U.S. prosecution of an international child pornography ring; 52 arrests were made worldwide.
On March 1, 2011 at Lassiter High School, two students were accused of impersonation of a staff member via cybercrime, but both claimed they were uninvolved. The offense was made a felony in the Cobb County School District two months after the impersonation had happened. Shortly afterwards, the head of the LHS School Board said "The teacher just wouldn't do this at all". The case ended on May 9, and no evidence was found.
Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Activity crossing international borders and involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes referred to as cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions through the International Criminal Court
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into two categories: crimes that target computers directly; crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the cats network or device.
Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:
- Computer viruses
- Denial-of-service attacks
- Malware (malicious code)
Spam
Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is unlawful in some jurisdictions. While anti-spam laws are relatively new, limits on unsolicited electronic communications have existed for some time.Fraud
Main article: Computer fraud
Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to
let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss.[citation needed] In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:- Altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
- Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect;
- Altering or deleting stored data;
- Altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes.
A variety of Internet scams target consumers direct.
Obscene or offensive content
The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may be illegal.Over 25 jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes.
The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs.
One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography.
Harassment
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see cyber bullying, cyber stalking, hate crime, Online predator, and stalking). Any comment that may be found derogatory or offensive is considered harassment.There are instances where committing a crime, which involves the use of a computer, can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of United States v. Neil Scott Kramer, Kramer was served an enhanced sentence according to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual §2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a cell phone to “persuade, induce, entice, coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.”
Connecticut was the first state to pass a statute making it a criminal offense to harass someone by computer. Michigan, Arizona, and Virginia have also passed laws banning harassment by electronic means.
Harassment by computer statutes are typically distinct from cyberbullying laws, in that the former usually relates to a person's "use a computer or computer network to communicate obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious, or indecent language, or make any suggestion or proposal of an obscene nature, or threaten any illegal or immoral act," while the latter need not involve anything of a sexual nature.
Threats
- Main article: Intimidation
Drug trafficking
Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away.
Cyber terrorism
Main article: Cyber terrorism
Government officials and Information Technology
security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet
problems and server scans since early 2001. But there is a growing
concern among federal officials that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyberterrorists,
foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential
security holes in critical systems. A cyberterrorist is someone who
intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or
her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack
against computers, network, and the information stored on them.Cyber terrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives, robberies, blackmailing etc.
Cyberextortion is a form of cyberterrorism in which a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to repeated denial of service or other attacks by malicious hackers, who demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyberextortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate and demanding payments to restore their service. More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators typically use a distributed denial-of-service attack
Cyber warfare
Main article: Cyber warfare
The U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) notes that cyberspace has emerged as a national-level concern
through several recent events of geo-strategic significance. Among those
are included the attack on Estonia's
infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. "In August 2008,
Russia again allegedly conducted cyber attacks, this time in a
coordinated and synchronized kinetic and non-kinetic campaign against
the country of Georgia.
Fearing that such attacks may become the norm in future warfare among
nation-states, the concept of cyberspace operations impacts and will be
adapted by warfighting military commanders in the future.Documented cases
One of the highest profiled banking computer crime occurred during a course of three years beginning in 1970. The chief teller at the Park Avenue branch of New York's Union Dime Savings Bank embezzled over $1.5 million from hundreds of accounts.A hacking group called MOD (Masters of Deception), allegedly stole passwords and technical data from Pacific Bell, Nynex, and other telephone companies as well as several big credit agencies and two major universities. The damage caused was extensive, one company, Southwestern Bell suffered losses of $370,000 alone.
In 1983, a nineteen-year-old UCLA student used his PC to break into a Defense Department international communications system.
Between 1995 and 1998 the Newscorp satellite pay to view encrypted SKY-TV service was hacked several times during an on-going technological arms race between a pan-European hacking group and Newscorp. The original motivation of the hackers was to watch Star Trek re-runs in Germany; which was something which Newscorp did not have the copyright to allow.
On 26 March 1999, the Melissa worm infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.
In February 2000 a individual going by the alias of MafiaBoy began a series denial-of-service attacks against high profile websites, including Yahoo!, Amazon.com, Dell, Inc., E*TRADE, eBay, and CNN. About fifty computers at Stanford University, and also computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the zombie computers sending pings in DDoS attacks. On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus a total of ten counts of mischief to data for his attacks.
The Russian Business Network (RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and started hiring its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by VeriSign as "the baddest of the bad". It offers web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities, with an individual activities earning up to $150 million in one year. It specialized in and in some cases monopolized personal identity theft for resale. It is the originator of MPack and an alleged operator of the now defunct Storm botnet.
On 2 March 2010, Spanish investigators arrested 3[clarification needed] in infection of over 13 million computers around the world. The "botnet" of infected computers included PCs inside more than half of the Fortune 1000 companies and more than 40 major banks, according to investigators.
In August 2010 the international investigation Operation Delego, operating under the aegis of the Department of Homeland Security, shut down the international pedophile ring Dreamboard. The website had approximately 600 members, and may have distributed up to 123 terabytes of child pornography (roughly equivalent to 16,000 DVDs). To date this is the single largest U.S. prosecution of an international child pornography ring; 52 arrests were made worldwide.
On March 1, 2011 at Lassiter High School, two students were accused of impersonation of a staff member via cybercrime, but both claimed they were uninvolved. The offense was made a felony in the Cobb County School District two months after the impersonation had happened. Shortly afterwards, the head of the LHS School Board said "The teacher just wouldn't do this at all". The case ended on May 9, and no evidence was found.
stand-up comedy
Stand-up comedy is a comedic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, speaking directly to them. The performer is commonly known as a comic, stand-up comic, stand-up comedian or simply a stand-up. In stand-up comedy the comedian usually recites a fast-paced succession of humorous stories, short jokes called "bits", and one-liners, which constitute what is typically called a monologue, routine or act. Some stand-up comedians use props, music or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in comedy clubs, bars, neo-burlesques, colleges, and theaters. Outside of live performance, stand-up is often distributed commercially via television, DVD, and the internet.
Stand-up is an art form that is openly devoted to getting immediate laughs from an audience above all else, unlike theatrical comedy which creates comedy within the structure of a play with amusing characters and situations. In stand-up comedy, feedback of the audience is instant and crucial for the comedian's act. Audiences expect a stand-up comic to provide a steady stream of laughs, and a performer is always under great pressure to deliver. This pressure can be thrilling, but also threatening. Comedic actor Will Ferrell has called stand-up comedy "hard, lonely, and vicious".[1]
While a stand-up comedy show may involve only one comedian, most shows feature a "headline" format, or a "showcase" format[citation needed]. A headline format typically features an opening act known as a host or master of ceremonies (MC) who usually warms up the crowd, makes announcements, and introduces the other performers. This is followed by one or two "middle" or "featured" acts, who perform shorter 15-20 minute sets, followed by a headliner who performs for longer, usually over 45 minutes.
The "showcase" format consists of several acts who perform for roughly equal lengths of time, typical in smaller clubs such as the Comedy Cellar, or Jongleurs, or at large events where the billing of several names allows for a larger venue than the individual comedians could draw. A showcase format may still feature an MC.[citation needed]
Many smaller venues hold "open mic" events, where anyone can take the stage and perform for the audience, offering a way for amateur performers to hone their craft and possibly break into the profession.
Stand-up is an art form that is openly devoted to getting immediate laughs from an audience above all else, unlike theatrical comedy which creates comedy within the structure of a play with amusing characters and situations. In stand-up comedy, feedback of the audience is instant and crucial for the comedian's act. Audiences expect a stand-up comic to provide a steady stream of laughs, and a performer is always under great pressure to deliver. This pressure can be thrilling, but also threatening. Comedic actor Will Ferrell has called stand-up comedy "hard, lonely, and vicious".[1]
While a stand-up comedy show may involve only one comedian, most shows feature a "headline" format, or a "showcase" format[citation needed]. A headline format typically features an opening act known as a host or master of ceremonies (MC) who usually warms up the crowd, makes announcements, and introduces the other performers. This is followed by one or two "middle" or "featured" acts, who perform shorter 15-20 minute sets, followed by a headliner who performs for longer, usually over 45 minutes.
The "showcase" format consists of several acts who perform for roughly equal lengths of time, typical in smaller clubs such as the Comedy Cellar, or Jongleurs, or at large events where the billing of several names allows for a larger venue than the individual comedians could draw. A showcase format may still feature an MC.[citation needed]
Many smaller venues hold "open mic" events, where anyone can take the stage and perform for the audience, offering a way for amateur performers to hone their craft and possibly break into the profession.
Senin, 29 Oktober 2012
BUSINESS LETTER
Definition of business letter
A business letter is a formal communication from an organization to its customers, the general public for their information, another Company or the Authorities. It is often written in a standard format, and in formal language, compared to a private letter between two people who are well known to each other.
The business letter will show things like the address and best way to communicate with the business - by return letter , e-mail or telephone. In general, the letter will be directed to a specific person and be about one topic. Sometimes, the business letter will be looking for a response, but might be to give important information about an up-coming change of address or telephone number. The letter might give information about new developments - a new website; launch of a new product. To allow the sender to handle any response more efficiently, the business letter might contain key information such as an internal reference from the sender or related to the product in question.
Type of business letter
Letter of Recommendation
- A recommendation letter allows you to use a few well-chosen words to the effect of letting someone else know how highly you value a third party. Resist the temptation to go overboard; approach your recommendation in a straightforward manner that still allows you to get the point across.
Letter of Resignation
- An official letter of resignation is a business letter that should be fair and tactful. Be wary of burning any bridges that you may need to cross again in the future. Offer a valid reason for your resignation and avoid self-praise.
Job Applicant Not Hired
- In some cases you may be required to write a business letter that informs a job applicant that he was not chosen for an open position. Offer an opening note of thanks for his time, compliment him on his experience or education and explain that he was just not what the company is looking for at the present time.
Declining Dinner Invitation
- Declining a dinner invitation is a topic for a business letter that, if not done tactfully, may result in a social disadvantage. Extend your appreciation for the invitation and mention that you already have an engagement for that date. Do not go into detail about what the engagement is.
Reception of Gift
- It is very polite to return a formal business response letting someone know that you have received her gift. Extend a personalized thanks to let her know that you are exactly aware of the contents of the gift. If possible, it is a good idea to include a sentiment suggesting that you have put the gift to use.
Notification of Error
- When sending a business letter that lets the receiving party know that an error has been corrected, it is good business sense to include a copy of the error in question if there is paperwork evidence of it. Make the offer of additional copies of material involved in the error if necessary.
Thanks for Job Recommendation
- A letter of thanks for a party that helped you get a job should be professional and courteous. Above all else, avoid the temptation to go overboard in offering your thanks. Be aware that your skills also helped you land the job and it was likely not handed to you as a result of the third party.
Information Request
- A business letter that requests information should make the request specific and perfectly understandable. It is also a good idea to state the reason for the information request. Extend advance appreciation for the expected cooperation of the recipient.Part of business letterThe parts of a business letter are as follows:1. Sender's address2. Date3. Inside address4. Attention line5. Salutation6. Body of the letter7. Complimentary close8. Signature9. Enclosures1. Sender's address is usually given in the letterhead, but if there is none, theaddress can be typed in the top right- or left-hand corner of the letter.2. The date is written below the sender's address. The month is usually notwritten out as numbers – it could be confusing (different sequences):20 December 2004 20th December, 20043. The inside address begins with the name of the company or – if you knowthe name of the person you are writing to – you can begin with his / hername. Courtesy titles are used before names: Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Messrs,M.Sc, Dr, Prof., Capt., Maj., Col., Gen.Abbreviations may be used with or without a fullstop, but we must remainconsistent throughout our correspondence.The address can also begin with a job title or a department (if you do notknow the name): The Sales Manager, The Accounts Department.The items that follow are:- the name of the house or building- the number of the building and the name of the street- the name of the town and the postcode- the name of the country4. Attention line is an alternative to putting the recipient's name in the address.5. The salutations are as follows:- Dear Sir – to a man whose name you do not know- Dear Sirs /Gentlemen – to a company- Dear Madam – to a woman whose name you do not know- Dear Sir or Madam – to a person whose name and sex you do not know- Dear Mr Smith – to a person whose name you know, but you do not knowthe person very well- Dear John – to a person you know wellThe British like to use the comma after the salutation: Dear Mrs Jones,but the Americans prefer a colon: Gentlemen:6. The body of the letter is usually written in the blocked style. A line of space isleft between the paragraphs.7. The complimentary close is related to the salutations:- If the letter begins Dear Sir / Sirs / Madam / Sir or Madam, thecomplimentary close should be Yours faithfully- If the letter begins with a personal name, e.g. Dear Mr James, itshould be Yours sincerely- A letter to someone you know well may end with Best wishes.A comma after the complimentary close is optional.8. Signature – always type your name and possibly your job title below yourhandwritten signature (the so called signature block).9. Enclosures – If there are any documents enclosed with a letter, although theymight be mentioned in the body of the letter, it is common to write Enc. orEncl. below the signature block.Style of business letterStyle 1 : FULL BLOCK STYLE (BENTUK LURUS PENUH)
_____________________
_________________________________ (1)
_____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________ (2)
________________ (3)
__________________
__________________
__________________ (4)
__________________
______________________(5)
____________________ (6)
______________________________ (7)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ (8)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________ (9)
__________________ (10)
__________________ (11)
__________________ (12)
Description :1. Letterhead2. Reference3. Date line4. Inside address5. Attention line6. Salutation7. Subject line8. Body of letter9. Complimentary close10. Signature11. Enclosure12. Carbon copy notationStyle 2 : BLOCK STYLE (BENTUK LURUS)_____________________
_________________________________ (1)
_____________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________ (2) ____________________ (3)
__________________
__________________ (4)
__________________
__________________
______________________(5)
____________________ (6)
______________________________ (7)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ (8)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________ (9)
___________________ (10)
Description :1. Letterhead2. Reference3. Date line4. Inside address5. Attention line6. Salutation7. Subject line8. Body of letter9. Complimentary close10. Signature
Style 3 : SEMI BLOCK STYLE (BENTUK SETENGAH LURUS)______________________
_________________________________ (1)
______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________ (2) ___________________ (3)
__________________
__________________ (4)
__________________
__________________
______________________(5)
____________________ (6)
____________________________________ (7)
_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ (8)
_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________(9)
____________________(10)
Description :1. Letterhead2. Reference3. Date line4. Inside address5. Attention line6. Salutation7. Subject line8. Body of letter9. Complimentary close10. SignatureStyle 4 : SIMPLIFIED STYLE (BENTUK YANG DISEDERHANAKAN)___________________
________________________________ (1)
________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________ (2)
________________ (3)
__________________
__________________ (4)
__________________
__________________
______________________(5)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ (6)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________ (7)
Description :1. Letterhead2. Reference3. Date line4. Inside address5. Subject line6. Body of Letter7. Signature
Style 5 : HANGING INDENTATION STYLE (BENTUK ALINEA MENGGANTUNG)______________________
_________________________________ (1)
______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________ (2) ___________________(3)
__________________
__________________
__________________ (4)
__________________
______________________(5)
___________________________ (6)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ (7)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________ (8)
__________________ (9)Description :1. Letterhead2. Reference3. Date line4. Inside address5. Salutation6. Subject line7. Body of letter8. Complimentary close9. Signature
Senin, 04 Juni 2012
SHISHA ( ALAT HISAP ASAL TIMUR TENGAH )
Shisha adalah kegiatan menghirup aroma buah-buahan dan tembakau yang
dibakar, lalu uapnya dialirkan melalui pipa atau bejana dan dihirup oleh
hidung melalui selang.Kegiatan yang berasal dari negeri-negeri di
jazirah Arab itu sudah lama dikenal dan banyak dilakukan orang karena
bisa menenangkan sekaligus menyenangkan.
Selama ini shisha dianggap aman-aman saja dan tidak menimbulkan efek berbahaya. Namun para peneliti dari Department of Health and the Centre for Tobacco Control menyebutkan bahwa sisha sama berbahayanya dengan merokok karena dapat meningkatkan level karbonmonoksida dalam tubuh.
Bahkan, dalam satu sesi kegiatan shisha ditemukan empat hingga lima kali level karbonmonoksida yang lebih banyak dibanding pada rokok yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak dan tidak sadar.
Ketika Dr Hilary Wareing menemukan fakta itu, ia terkejut dan mengatakan bahwa Shisha sama berbahayanya, bahkan lebih berbahaya dibanding rokok. “Pada tingkat yang sangat parah, shisha bisa lebih berbahaya 400 hingga 450 kali daripada rokok, sangat berbahaya!” ujar Hilary.
Selama ini orang-orang yang tidak merokok menyalurkan hasrat merokok mereka lewat Shisa. Aktivitas yang diusung oleh kalangan Timur Tengah itu saat ini sudah menjadi tren di beberapa kafe atau pesta.Banyak orang yang pergi ke tempat shisha merasa aman dan menganggap shisha sebagai alternatif merokok. Hal inilah yang justru menjadi salah konsepsi masyarakat.
“Kami menemukan satu sesi dari kegiatan shisha selama 30 menit mengandung 10 miligram karbon monoksida yang lebih tinggi dibanding rokok,” jelas Hillary.
Dengan adanya penemuan ini, para peneliti berharap agar para pengguna shisha berpikir dua kali untuk terus melakukan kegiatan itu.
Jenis Tembakau Shisha
Ada dua tipe tembakau shisha yaitu yang disebut mu'assal dan 'ajami.Tembakau mu'assal terdiri dari campuran tembakau, buah-buahan dan bahan manisan seperti sirup dari tebu atau madu.Ia juga ditambahkan dengan Glycerin, bumbu dan pewarna yang lain.Tembakau mu'assal ini basah dan lengket dan bila digunakan akan mengeluarkan bau yang manis dan nyaman seperti bau buah dan kebanyakan pengguna lebih suka menggunakan tembakau jenis ini.
Tembakau 'ajami hampir selalu tidak rasa, kering dan lebih asli.Sebelum digunakan ia harus dicampur dengan air sehingga ia dapat dicanai atau dibentuk dan harganya lebih mahal.
Cara Menggunakan Shisha
Cara menggunakannya adalah dengan membakar tembakau shisha itu dengan menempatkan bahan pembakar seperti arang (apakah arang kayu atau arang campuran) karena tembakau shisha ini tidak dapat terbakar dengan sendirinya secara berkelanjutan.Kemudian asap tembakau itu disedut dengan menggunakan selang atau alat penyedot.
Tetapi perlu diingat bahwa bila pengguna menyedot asap dari alat shisha ini, dia tidak hanya menyedot asap dari tembakau tetapi juga asap dari arang, yang masing-masing kimia dan beracun yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran tersebut.
Banyak yang mengatakan bahwa shisha lebih gerbahaya dari rokok. Saya shii gk mihak. Tapi saya juga penikmat shisha sejati, entah udah berapa lama saya menggunakan shisha. Saya tidak merasa ada gangguan pada organ pernapasan saya sama sekali. Saya beranggapan beberapa orang yang mengatakan shisha lebih berbahaya di bandingkan rokok adalah orang yang suka dengan alat hisap yang satu ini, atau bahkan dia belum pernah menggunakan shisha sama sekali. Mereka hanya membaca artikel di beragam media. Saya memiliki beberapa koleksi bong shisha dan saya sudah membuktikan bahwa shisha tidak berbahaya seperti halnya rokok.
Kadar nikotin dan tarotin yang ada pada tembakau shisha, terpampang jelas di bungkus tembakau. Anda bisa membandingkannya sendiri dengan kadar nikotin dan tarotin yang terkandung di dalam tembakau rokok. Selamat menikmati shisha.
Selama ini shisha dianggap aman-aman saja dan tidak menimbulkan efek berbahaya. Namun para peneliti dari Department of Health and the Centre for Tobacco Control menyebutkan bahwa sisha sama berbahayanya dengan merokok karena dapat meningkatkan level karbonmonoksida dalam tubuh.
Bahkan, dalam satu sesi kegiatan shisha ditemukan empat hingga lima kali level karbonmonoksida yang lebih banyak dibanding pada rokok yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak dan tidak sadar.
Ketika Dr Hilary Wareing menemukan fakta itu, ia terkejut dan mengatakan bahwa Shisha sama berbahayanya, bahkan lebih berbahaya dibanding rokok. “Pada tingkat yang sangat parah, shisha bisa lebih berbahaya 400 hingga 450 kali daripada rokok, sangat berbahaya!” ujar Hilary.
Selama ini orang-orang yang tidak merokok menyalurkan hasrat merokok mereka lewat Shisa. Aktivitas yang diusung oleh kalangan Timur Tengah itu saat ini sudah menjadi tren di beberapa kafe atau pesta.Banyak orang yang pergi ke tempat shisha merasa aman dan menganggap shisha sebagai alternatif merokok. Hal inilah yang justru menjadi salah konsepsi masyarakat.
“Kami menemukan satu sesi dari kegiatan shisha selama 30 menit mengandung 10 miligram karbon monoksida yang lebih tinggi dibanding rokok,” jelas Hillary.
Dengan adanya penemuan ini, para peneliti berharap agar para pengguna shisha berpikir dua kali untuk terus melakukan kegiatan itu.
Jenis Tembakau Shisha
Ada dua tipe tembakau shisha yaitu yang disebut mu'assal dan 'ajami.Tembakau mu'assal terdiri dari campuran tembakau, buah-buahan dan bahan manisan seperti sirup dari tebu atau madu.Ia juga ditambahkan dengan Glycerin, bumbu dan pewarna yang lain.Tembakau mu'assal ini basah dan lengket dan bila digunakan akan mengeluarkan bau yang manis dan nyaman seperti bau buah dan kebanyakan pengguna lebih suka menggunakan tembakau jenis ini.
Tembakau 'ajami hampir selalu tidak rasa, kering dan lebih asli.Sebelum digunakan ia harus dicampur dengan air sehingga ia dapat dicanai atau dibentuk dan harganya lebih mahal.
Cara Menggunakan Shisha
Cara menggunakannya adalah dengan membakar tembakau shisha itu dengan menempatkan bahan pembakar seperti arang (apakah arang kayu atau arang campuran) karena tembakau shisha ini tidak dapat terbakar dengan sendirinya secara berkelanjutan.Kemudian asap tembakau itu disedut dengan menggunakan selang atau alat penyedot.
Tetapi perlu diingat bahwa bila pengguna menyedot asap dari alat shisha ini, dia tidak hanya menyedot asap dari tembakau tetapi juga asap dari arang, yang masing-masing kimia dan beracun yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran tersebut.
Banyak yang mengatakan bahwa shisha lebih gerbahaya dari rokok. Saya shii gk mihak. Tapi saya juga penikmat shisha sejati, entah udah berapa lama saya menggunakan shisha. Saya tidak merasa ada gangguan pada organ pernapasan saya sama sekali. Saya beranggapan beberapa orang yang mengatakan shisha lebih berbahaya di bandingkan rokok adalah orang yang suka dengan alat hisap yang satu ini, atau bahkan dia belum pernah menggunakan shisha sama sekali. Mereka hanya membaca artikel di beragam media. Saya memiliki beberapa koleksi bong shisha dan saya sudah membuktikan bahwa shisha tidak berbahaya seperti halnya rokok.
Kadar nikotin dan tarotin yang ada pada tembakau shisha, terpampang jelas di bungkus tembakau. Anda bisa membandingkannya sendiri dengan kadar nikotin dan tarotin yang terkandung di dalam tembakau rokok. Selamat menikmati shisha.
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